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Cenococcum geophilum
''Cenococcum geophilum'' Fr., synonym ''Cenococcum graniforme'' (Sow.) Ferd. and Winge, is an Ascomycete fungal species and is the only member in the genus ''Cenococcum''. It is one of the most common ectomycorrhizal fungal species encountered in forest ecosystems. The geographic distribution of the species is notably cosmopolitan; it is found in ecosystems with a wide range of environmental conditions, and in many cases in high relative frequency.〔Trappe, J. M. (1962). Cenococcum graniforme--its distribution, ecology, mycorrhiza formation, and inherent variation (Doctoral dissertation).〕 Because of its wide distribution and abundance in forest soils, it is one of the most well-studied ectomycorrhizal fungal species.
While the species has long been known to be sterile and not produce asexual or sexual spores, cryptic sexual stages may exist.〔Spatafora, J. W., Owensby, C. A., Douhan, G. W., Boehm, E. W., & Schoch, C. L. (2012). Phylogenetic placement of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cenococcum in Gloniaceae (Dothideomycetes). Mycologia, 104(3), 758-765.〕 The hyphae produced by ''C. geophilum'' are characterized by their thick (1.5-8 um), straight and jet black appearance with little branching. They usually form monopodial (unbranched) ectomycorrhizas. The mantles of ''C. geophilum'' ectomycorrhizas are usually thick with few to many emanating hyphae.
==Taxonomy==
Originally described in 1800 from its sclerotia by James Sowerby, the species was named ''Lycoperdon graniforme'' Sow. Later, Elias Fries introduced the genus ''Cenococcum'' and the sole species was called ''Cenococcum geophilum'' Fr. These names were later combined to form ''Cenococcum graniforme'' (Sow) Ferd. and Winge in the monographic study of the species by Ferdinandsen and Winge in 1925.〔Ferdinandsen, C., & Winge, Ö. (1925). Cenococcum Fr. A monographic study. Kongelige Veterinaer-og Landbohoiskoles Aarsskrift, 332-382.〕 Hatch identified hyphae that formed ectomycorrhizas with “jet-black” mantles calling it ''Mycelium radicus-nigrostrigosum'' Hatch. Finally, Linhell linked the fungi forming the ectomycorrhizas to the fungus producing the sclerotia earlier described. The officially accepted name for the species is ''Cenococcum geophilum'' Fr.〔LoBuglio, K. F. (1999). Cenococcum. In Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile (pp. 287-309). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.〕
Molecular analyses have revealed that ''C. geophilum'' is not closely related to other Ascomycete ectomycorrhizal fungi (mostly in the Pezizales) and is actually a member of the Dothideomycetes.〔LoBuglio, K. F., Berbee, M. L., & Taylor, J. W. (1996). Phylogenetic Origins of the Asexual Mycorrhizal Symbiont'' Cenococcum geophilum'' Fr. and Other Mycorrhizal Fungi among the Ascomycetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6(2), 287-294.〕 Cenococcum geophilum is the only known ectomycorrhizal member of the Dothideomycetes. Spatafora ''et al.'' (2012) placed ''C. geophilum in'' the Gloniaceae as a close relative to members of the Genus Glonium.〔
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